In mid-November 1915, the Phenate (or “P”) Helmet was issued to Canadian and British soldiers. The mask was modified as new chemical agents, particularly phosgene, were developed and used in attacks. The Hypo Helmet also caused headaches - likely because of a buildup of carbon dioxide, as there was no valve for either inhalation or exhalation. The hood was also difficult to fit and made it hard to aim a weapon. It also fogged up quickly, which made it difficult to see, while the chemical treatment irritated both the skinĪnd eyes. The mica visor was fragile and was soon replaced by a celluloid or cellulose acetate version. The Hypo Helmet had several drawbacks, however. Gas attack was expected (but never happened).

They were also issued to Australian and New Zealand soldiers in Gallipoli in late 1915, where a Turkish The British army began issuing the Hypo Helmet in May by 6 June 1915, British and Canadian troops in France had received the new gas masks. The hood was worn over the head and tucked in at the neck it therefore stayed in place more easily than the Black Was known as the “Hypo Helmet” because the chemical solution included sodium hyposulphite as well as sodium bicarbonate and glycerine. The hood was a flannel bag soaked in a chemical solution, with a visor of mica. His prototype was based on a captured German helmet, which he covered with a cloth hood. Who began working on the mask soon after the first gas attack on 22 April 1915. It was designed by Captain Cluny Macpherson, medical officer of the First Newfoundland Regiment, The Black Veil Respirator was quickly replaced by the Hypo Helmet (or Smoke Helmet). Veil Respirator, which had a string to hold the pad in place. On, the army issued 30,000 gauze-wrapped cotton pads that were saturated in sodium bicarbonate and held over the nose and mouth. As gas attacks continued, the BritishĪrmy struggled to protect its soldiers. This way, the chlorine would crystallize on the cloth before reaching their lungs. Canadian troops were quickly ordered to hold cloth soaked in water or urine over their faces. Many died while most survivors suffered lifelong lung problems.Ī second gas attack came two days later. Men were blinded, and their lung tissue destroyed. When the gas combined with moisture in the eyes, nose and lungs, it became an acid that caused burns and blisters. The cloud of yellow-green gas (about 10 km wide and 1 km deep) drifted over the Algerian (French) and Canadian lines and settled in the trenches. On 22 April 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres, the German army launched the first chlorine gas attack of the war, releasing approximately 160 tons of gas into the air.

British wwi gas mask bag